達成目標理論 – モチベーションと成功への影響を理解する

Achievement goal theory is a popular framework in motivation research that examines how individuals judge their abilities and define successful accomplishments. 

This theory, introduced by researchers such as Dweck (1986), Elliot (1999), and Nicholls (1984, 1989), posits that variations in perceptions of competence and goal orientation are crucial for understanding people’s motivational processes in different contexts, such as school, work, and sports.

The central idea of achievement goal theory lies in the distinction between two types of goals: performance goals and mastery goals. Performance goals focus on gaining favourable judgements from others or avoiding unfavourable ones, signifying an individual’s motivation to display superior performance. 

Conversely, mastery goals involve striving for personal growth, development, and competence in a given task or domain. Understanding these different goal orientations can help predict individuals’ behaviours and motivations in pursuing success, ultimately providing valuable insights for educators, leaders, and professionals in various fields.

Underlying Concepts of Achievement Goal Theory

Achievement Goal Theory (AGT) is a well-established framework for understanding motivation in various contexts, such as education, sports, and work. In this section, you will find a brief explanation of the critical concepts of AGT, including goal orientation and goal structures.

At the core of AGT are goal orientations, the reasons and purposes for engaging in particular activities. These orientations are typically divided into two main types:

• Mastery goals focus on acquiring new skills and improving existing ones. When you pursue a mastery goal, you aim to develop your competence, expand your understanding, and achieve personal growth.
• パフォーマンス goals are centred around demonstrating superior ability and outperforming others. In this case, you strive for success by seeking positive recognition and aiming to avoid negative judgment.

During the late 1990s, Elliot and McGregor (2001) further refined the distinction between goals by introducing the 2×2 model of goal setting. This model differentiates between approach and avoidance motivation within mastery and performance goals. Here are the four categories within this model:

• Mastery-approach goals: You aim to develop your skills and focus on achieving personal growth.
• Mastery-avoidance goals: You seek to avoid losing skills or displaying incompetence.
• Performance-approach goals: You work towards outperforming others and gaining their approval.
• Performance-avoidance goals: You focus on not demonstrating inferiority or botching tasks in front of others.

The second important concept within AGT is goal structures, which involve the contextual factors contributing to forming goal orientations. 

For instance, these factors may include how teachers present tasks, how they provide feedback, and their evaluation criteria. Depending on these structural elements, you may be more likely to adopt mastery or performance goals.

In summary, Achievement Goal Theory (AGT) offers a valuable framework for understanding motivation by analysing the interplay between different goal orientations and their respective structures. By exploring the types and manifestations of goals, AGT can help reveal insights into how you engage, learn, and perform in various situations.

Evolution of Achievement Goal Theory

The Evolution of Achievement Goal Theory traces the development and refinement of psychological frameworks illuminating individuals’ goals and motivations in educational and performance contexts over time.

Early Perspectives

The initial emergence of achievement goal theory occurred in the 1970s and 1980s as part of a new set of social-cognitive theories of achievement motivation. 

These included expectancy-value theory (Eccles et al., 1983), attribution theory (Weiner, 1980), and social-learning theory (Bandura, 1986). These theories focus on how individuals judge their ability, perceptions of competence, and definitions of successful accomplishments.

• Nicholls (1984, 1989) introduced the idea of task-oriented そして ego-oriented goals, emphasising the focus on mastering the task or demonstrating competence relative to others.
• Dweck (1986) contributed with her work on incremental そして entity theories of intelligence, suggesting that learners with different beliefs about the malleability of their abilities pursue other goals.

Recent Developments

Recent developments in achievement goal theory have expanded and refined the initial perspectives.

• Elliot (1999) proposed a 2×2 framework that includes mastery-approach, mastery-avoidance, performance-approach、 そして performance-avoidance goals. This model acknowledges that learners can be motivated:
  • To master a task or to avoid demonstrating incompetence (mastery goals)
  • To outperform others or to prevent performing worse than others (performance goals)
• Researchers have also started exploring the role of context そして 文化 in shaping achievement goals. This includes investigating how the social environment, such as the classroom or workplace, can influence adopting different goals.

Overall, the evolution of achievement goal theory demonstrates a growing understanding of the complexity of motivation and the various factors that contribute to goal pursuits. 

Integrating multiple perspectives has led to a richer theoretical framework informing our understanding of motivation and achievement in various contexts.

Dimensions of Achievement Goal Theory

Achievement Goal Theory explores individuals’ orientations and approaches towards achieving competence, encompassing mastery goals, performance-approach goals, and performance-avoidance goals.

Mastery Goals

Mastery goals refer to individuals’ desire to develop or improve their skills and competencies. When focusing on mastery goals, you concentrate on personal growth, understanding, and developing abilities within a particular domain. 

With a mastery goal orientation, your motivation is driven by a genuine interest in understanding and achieving mastery of a subject or skill rather than focusing on others’ performance levels or external validation.

In this context, you are more likely to perceive challenges as opportunities for learning and growth. This approach can lead to more persistence in challenging situations and greater overall satisfaction and 幸福. Some attributes of mastery goals include:

• Focusing on personal improvement and self-directed learning
• Embracing challenges and setbacks as learning experiences
• Valuing effort and genuine understanding over superficial results

パフォーマンスの目標

In contrast, performance goals are centred around outperforming others and achieving external recognition. 

If you adopt a performance goal orientation, your motivation is driven by the desire to demonstrate your skills and competence relative to others rather than developing or deepening your understanding for its own sake.

Performance goal orientations can be further divided into two subcategories:

1. Performance-approach goals involve striving for success to gain positive evaluations or recognition from others. In this case, you focus on achieving higher rankings, grades, or accolades than your peers.
2. Performance-avoidance goals are centred on avoiding failure or negative evaluations from others. Here, you might aim not to perform worse than your peers, trying to avoid criticism or embarrassment.

It is important to note that mastery and performance goals have their merits and drawbacks and can be complementary in specific contexts. 

However, overemphasising performance goals may lead to increased anxiety, fear of failure, and reduced learning opportunities, as you might become less willing to take on challenges and more focused on avoiding adverse outcomes.

Applications of Achievement Goal Theory

In this section, we will explore the applications of Achievement Goal Theory (AGT) in Education and Sports. The primary objective of AGT is to understand individuals’ perspectives on learning and success, as well as the goals they pursue in various contexts.

教育

In the educational context, AGT examines students’ motivation and engagement. A fundamental concept in AGT is goal orientation, which refers to why individuals engage in academic activities. There are typically two types of goal orientations:

• Mastery orientation: This focuses on developing new skills and seeking challenges. Students with this orientation are motivated by personal growth and view setbacks as learning opportunities.
• Performance orientation: This emphasises the importance of demonstrating superior ability, usually compared to others. Students with this orientation may be driven by external factors, such as grades or praise, and tend to fear failure.

AGT highlights the role of socio-cognitive processes in shaping students’ motivation and explains how different goal structures within educational settings can influence their learning outcomes. 

For example, classrooms that promote mastery goals foster a positive learning environment and encourage cooperation, leading to greater student engagement and higher achievement levels. 

In contrast, emphasising performance goals can result in a competitive atmosphere, sometimes discouraging teamwork and even lowering overall motivation.

スポーツ

Achievement Goal Theory also applies in sports, especially when evaluating athletes’ motivation and performance. 

Like the educational context, mastery and performance orientations shape athletes’ motivation. In sports, these orientations manifest as the following:

• Mastery orientation: Athletes with this mindset focus on improving their skills, mastering techniques, and seeking personal growth. They are motivated by the development process and embrace challenges as valuable learning experiences.
• Performance orientation: Athletes with this mindset strive to demonstrate their superiority over others, often by winning competitions or receiving accolades. Their motivation comes from external validation and is closely tied to performance outcomes.

In sports, AGT can be used to identify motivational climates, which refer to the contextual factors that influence athletes’ goal orientations. For instance, a coach who emphasises skill development and personal improvement fosters a mastery climate, while a coach who focuses on winning and comparisons with others creates a performance climate. 

Understanding and managing these motivational climates can be crucial to athlete development, satisfaction, and overall success. Through AGT, coaches and trainers can cultivate an environment that promotes the most beneficial mindset for athletes, helping them reach their 最大の可能性.

Critiques and Limitations of Achievement Goal Theory

Achievement Goal Theory (AGT) is a prominent framework in motivation research. However, there are several critiques and limitations associated with the theory that you should take into account.

One critique of AGT is the lack of a unified framework. Over the years, several advancements have contributed to the development of AGT. As a result, different variations of the theory have emerged. This can lead to confusion for researchers and practitioners trying to apply the insights of AGT to their work.

Another limitation of AGT is its focus on the individual’s goals and their role in motivation. While goals undoubtedly play a critical part in motivation, they are not the sole factor. Other factors, such as self-efficacy, needs, and values, influence one’s motivation. 

AGT might not provide comprehensive insight into the entire motivational spectrum by focusing primarily on goals.

Additionally, AGT does not address the dynamic nature of goal orientations. The theory assumes that an individual’s goal orientation is stable over time. However, research has shown that goal orientations can change due to various factors, such as social context and personal circumstances. 

This makes it challenging to apply AGT findings consistently, as an individual’s motivation might change over time.

Critics have also pointed out that some research within AGT has inconsistent findings and overlapping constructs. For instance, there is an ongoing debate in the literature about the distinction between the performance approach and performance-avoidance goals. 

Some researchers argue that there is a clear distinction between the two. In contrast, others point out that the distinction is often blurred, making it difficult to accurately measure and interpret research findings. 

Goal Theory (AGT) – Conclusion

In conclusion, Achievement Goal Theory (AGT) is a foundational framework in motivation research. It offers valuable insights into how individuals perceive their abilities and 成功を定義する across diverse contexts such as education, sports, and work. 

Introduced by researchers like Dweck, Elliot, and Nicholls, AGT distinguishes between two fundamental goal orientations: mastery goals, which focus on personal growth and competence, and performance goals, which emphasise outperforming others and gaining external recognition.

These orientations, often shaped by contextual goal structures, shed light on individuals’ behaviours and motivations to pursue success.

The evolution of AGT reflects an increased understanding of motivation complexity, with recent refinements recognising the interplay of approach and avoidance motivations within mastery and performance goals. 

Despite its significance, AGT has limitations, including the challenge of a unified framework, the exclusive focus on goals in motivation dynamics, and the assumption of stability in goal orientations.

Nevertheless, AGT remains a vital tool for educators, leaders, and professionals, providing a framework to understand and enhance motivation, thereby impacting success and fulfilment in various life domains.